Guidelines for clinical management of subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats. Genchi C, Kramer LH: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. Genchi C, Genchi M, Petry G, et al.: Evaluation of the efficacy of imidacloprid 10% / moxidectin 2.5% (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi, Bayer) for the prevention of Dirofilaria repens infection in dogs.
2002, 105, 173-8Ĭapelli G, Genchi C, Baneth G, et al.: Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe.
1988, 83, 328-45īaneth G, Volansky Z, Anug Y, et al.: Dirofilaria repens infection in a dog: diagnosis and treatment with melarsomine and doramectin. Whiteley HE: Your diagnostic protocol for Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Tarello W: Identification and treatment of Dipetalonema grassii microfilariae in a cat from central Italy. Ortega-Mora LM, Gomez-Bautista M, Rojo-Vazquez FA: The acid phosphatase activity and morphological characteristics of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) microfilariae. Olmeda-Garcia AS, Rodriguez-Rodriguez JA: Stage-specific development of a filarial nematode ( Dipetalonema dracunculoides) in vector ticks. „Informations Techniques des Services Vétérinaires“, Ministére de l’Agriculture, Paris, France 1990, 25, 305-10Įuzeby J: Diagnostic Expérimental des Helminthoses animales. 6th edn., 2006, Parey in MVS, Stuttgart, pp 444-520 ĭucos de Lahitte J: Epidemiologie des filarioses en France. 1971, 5, 601-5ĭeplazes, P: In: Schnieder T (ed.): Veterinärmedizinische Parasitologie. 1998, 140, 255-60 Ĭhalifoux L, Hunt RD: Histochemical differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum. 2015, 114, Suppl 1, S131-44 Diagnosisīucklar H, Scheu U, Mossi R, et al.: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. Petry G, Genchi M, Schmidt H, et al.: Evaluation of the adulticidal efficacy of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% (w/v) spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in experimentally infected dogs. Webber W, Hawking F: Experimental maintenance of Dirofilaria repens and D. But molecular methods, such as multiplex PCRs, testing parts of adult specimens, microfilariae (in whole blood or on filter paper), or larval stages in the mosquito vectors have been developed. In contrast to commercially available test systems for the detection of circulating antigens of Dirofilaria immitis, no similar specific serological tests are available for D. Acanthocheilonema or Cercopithifilaria grassii more frequently found on dermal tissue (1998) 2Whiteley (1988) 3Olmeda-Garcia and Rodriguez-Rodriguez (1994) 4Ducos de Lahitte (1990) 5method: Chalifoux and Hunt (1971) 6Ortega-Mora et al. One spot each on the inner body and the anal porus circle around excretion porus 6ġBucklar et al. There are overlaps with the sizes of other microfilariae, so confirmation of identity is a specialist skill.ĭetails on the differential diagnosis of microfilariae in the blood of dogs (after Deplazes, 2006)ĭipetalonema (Cercopithifilaria) grassi**Īpprox. Microfilariae are 207-360 µm long and 5-8 µm wide. This can be performed using the modified Knott’s technique (see also under Heartworm Disease). These samples need to be processed in order to remove other cellular components.
PORUS ONE FOR CATS SERIES
Under magnification male worms can be observed to possess a series of small papillae arranged in a "v" shape and two unequal spicules at their caudal end.įor the detection of microfilariae, blood samples should be prevented from coagulation using EDTA or heparin. Males are about 5-7 cm and females are about 10-17 cm in length. The samples can be preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution or alcohol.Īdult worms are long and whitish, without any grossly obvious identifying features. Dirofilaria repens nematodes may live up to ten years (on average two to four years) and females potentially produce microfilariae throughout their lifespan.Īs Dirofilaria repens is mainly located in subcutaneous tissues, small, painless nodules with varying location may be investigated surgically. In dogs, the prepatent period is 189–239 days (Webber & Hawking, 1955), although in a more recent study the first microfilariae were found in the bloodstream on day 164 after infection (Petry et al., 2015). In the mammalian host, the 元 migrate to the subcutaneous tissue and develop further. The developmental process is temperature-dependent and takes about 8 to 20 days at temperatures above 22☌. Finally, the nematode larvae develop inside the ectoparasite to 元, which can then enter the next mammal. Mosquitoes become infected with microfilariae while taking a blood meal from an infected animal. Inside the vertebrate host, the larvae develop and mature to the adult form, which then produces its offspring, the so-called microfilariae.
Similar to Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens third stage larvae (元) are transmitted to the dog during blood feeding of a mosquito (mainly Anopheles and Aedes, but also Culex species).